Avg Chicago to Newark Flight Time: 2h 15m+


Avg Chicago to Newark Flight Time: 2h 15m+

The length of a journey by air between two main American cities, Chicago, Illinois, and Newark, New Jersey, represents a vital issue for vacationers. This length encompasses the time from takeoff to touchdown and may be influenced by numerous components, similar to plane kind, air visitors management, climate situations, and chosen route. For instance, a nonstop route sometimes experiences a shorter length in comparison with one involving a connecting flight.

Understanding the everyday length of this particular air journey offers priceless insights for planning and scheduling. It allows vacationers to precisely estimate whole journey time, together with time spent in airports and floor transportation. This information facilitates higher time administration, permitting for environment friendly scheduling of connecting flights, conferences, and different actions. Traditionally, developments in aviation expertise and air visitors administration programs have contributed to lowering typical journey durations between main cities.

This understanding lays the groundwork for exploring associated matters, such because the affect of airline choice on journey size, methods for minimizing journey time, and the advantages of using on-line instruments for real-time flight monitoring.

1. Direct Flights

Direct flights characterize a important issue influencing the general length of journey between Chicago and Newark. Minimizing time spent in transit usually ranks as a excessive precedence for vacationers, and the supply of direct routes performs a big position in attaining this goal. Understanding the nuances of direct flights offers priceless context for making knowledgeable journey selections.

  • Scheduled Period

    Airways sometimes publish scheduled durations for direct flights. These estimates characterize the anticipated time within the air, excluding time spent on the bottom. Whereas these schedules provide a helpful baseline, precise flight occasions can deviate because of components similar to air visitors management and climate situations. Evaluating scheduled durations throughout totally different airways can help vacationers in deciding on probably the most time-efficient choice.

  • Frequency and Availability

    The frequency of direct flights between Chicago and Newark varies all through the day and week. Peak journey occasions usually correspond with greater flight frequency, whereas off-peak durations could provide fewer choices. Availability additionally fluctuates based mostly on seasonal demand and total airline scheduling. Checking flight schedules prematurely permits vacationers to align their plans with out there direct flight choices.

  • Airline Choices and Plane Sort

    A number of airways sometimes provide direct flights on this route, every using numerous plane varieties. Totally different plane fashions have various cruising speeds, which might subtly affect the general flight length. Understanding these variations may be useful for vacationers searching for to optimize journey time, notably when minor time variations are important.

  • Price Issues

    Direct flights usually command a premium in comparison with connecting flights. Whereas the time financial savings are simple, vacationers should weigh the advantages of a shorter flight in opposition to potential price will increase. Evaluating the trade-offs between time and value is a vital step within the decision-making course of.

The selection between a direct flight and a connecting flight finally hinges on particular person priorities. For time-sensitive vacationers, the comfort and effectivity of a direct flight usually outweigh the potential price distinction. Nonetheless, budget-conscious vacationers may discover connecting flights a extra viable choice, accepting an extended total journey time in alternate for price financial savings.

2. Connecting Flights

Connecting flights characterize a big issue influencing total journey time between Chicago and Newark. Whereas usually related to elevated whole journey length, connecting flights provide potential benefits similar to price financial savings and expanded route choices. Understanding the complexities of connecting flights offers a complete perspective for knowledgeable journey planning.

  • Layover Period and Airport Logistics

    Layover durations, the time spent between connecting flights, contribute considerably to the general journey time. Brief layovers decrease total journey time however introduce dangers related to potential delays. Longer layovers provide extra flexibility however lengthen the entire journey. Navigating airport terminals throughout layovers, together with potential safety checks and gate adjustments, provides complexity and time. Effectively managing layovers requires cautious consideration of airport layouts, signage, and estimated strolling occasions.

  • Airline Partnerships and Interline Agreements

    Connecting flights usually contain a number of airways. Interline agreements facilitate smoother baggage transfers and coordinated schedules between companion airways. Nonetheless, separate tickets on non-partner airways can complicate baggage dealing with and enhance the chance of missed connections because of impartial flight operations. Understanding airline partnerships aids in deciding on connecting flights with streamlined transfers and minimized disruption dangers.

  • Price Financial savings and Route Flexibility

    Connecting flights ceaselessly provide price benefits in comparison with direct routes. Airways usually value connecting flights competitively to fill seats on much less fashionable routes. Connecting flights additionally develop route choices, enabling journey between cities with restricted or no direct service. Balancing price financial savings in opposition to elevated journey time requires cautious consideration of particular person priorities.

  • Potential for Delays and Disruptions

    Connecting flights introduce larger vulnerability to delays and disruptions. A delay on the preliminary flight can affect subsequent connections, resulting in missed flights and prolonged journey occasions. Climate disruptions, air visitors congestion, and mechanical points can compound these challenges. Assessing the historic on-time efficiency of airways and airports alongside the chosen route can inform selections and mitigate potential dangers.

The choice between a direct flight and a connecting flight hinges on a posh interaction of things, together with price, schedule, and threat tolerance. Whereas connecting flights can lengthen journey time, the potential price financial savings and expanded route choices make them a viable choice for vacationers prioritizing worth and adaptability over velocity. Cautious planning and consideration of potential delays are essential for mitigating the inherent complexities of connecting flights between Chicago and Newark.

3. Airline Alternative

Airline choice considerably influences the general journey expertise between Chicago and Newark, notably regarding flight length. Totally different airways make use of various methods, impacting scheduled flight occasions, route choices, and potential delays. Understanding these nuances empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable selections aligned with their priorities.

  • Scheduled Flight Instances

    Airways make the most of totally different plane varieties and route preferences, resulting in variations in scheduled flight occasions. Some airways prioritize velocity, providing shorter flights on newer plane, whereas others emphasize cost-effectiveness, doubtlessly choosing barely longer routes or older plane. Evaluating scheduled occasions throughout totally different airways is essential for vacationers prioritizing a swift journey.

  • Direct vs. Connecting Flights

    Airline route networks dictate the supply of direct and connecting flights. Some airways focus on direct routes, minimizing total journey time, whereas others deal with hub-and-spoke fashions, usually necessitating connecting flights with layovers. Evaluating an airline’s route construction is important for vacationers searching for to attenuate transit time or discover connecting flight choices.

  • On-Time Efficiency and Reliability

    Airways preserve various observe data concerning on-time efficiency. Elements similar to operational effectivity, upkeep practices, and climate contingency plans affect an airline’s susceptibility to delays. Researching an airline’s historic on-time efficiency offers priceless insights for vacationers prioritizing schedule adherence.

  • Ancillary Companies and Facilities

    Whereas in a roundabout way impacting flight time, ancillary providers similar to baggage charges, seat choice choices, and in-flight facilities affect total journey expertise. These components must be thought-about alongside flight length when evaluating airline selections, guaranteeing alignment with particular person preferences and finances constraints.

The selection of airline represents a vital choice influencing the general journey expertise between Chicago and Newark. Cautious consideration of scheduled flight occasions, route choices, on-time efficiency, and ancillary providers empowers vacationers to pick the airline finest suited to their particular person wants and priorities. Optimizing airline selection contributes considerably to a clean and environment friendly journey.

4. Time of Day

Time of day performs a big position in influencing the precise flight time between Chicago and Newark. A number of components contribute to this correlation, impacting each scheduled and real-time flight durations. Air visitors congestion tends to peak throughout particular hours, notably morning and night rush hours on weekdays. Flights scheduled throughout these peak durations are extra inclined to delays because of elevated air visitors management holds and taxiing time. Conversely, flights scheduled throughout off-peak hours, similar to late nights or early mornings, usually expertise shorter taxi occasions and fewer air visitors management delays, doubtlessly leading to shorter total flight occasions. For instance, a morning flight departing from Chicago O’Hare throughout rush hour may expertise important taxi delays, including to the general journey time, whereas a late-night flight could depart and arrive nearer to the scheduled time because of diminished congestion.

Airways contemplate these patterns when setting up their schedules. Scheduled flight occasions usually replicate anticipated congestion ranges. Flights scheduled throughout peak hours may need barely longer allotted flight occasions to account for potential delays. Understanding these scheduling practices permits vacationers to anticipate potential variations in precise flight occasions based mostly on departure and arrival occasions. Deciding on flights outdoors of peak hours could be a strategic strategy to minimizing potential delays and optimizing journey time, though such flights may not at all times align with particular person schedules or preferences. Moreover, real-time flight monitoring instruments can present up-to-date info on present air visitors situations and potential delays, aiding vacationers in making knowledgeable selections about their journeys.

In abstract, time of day represents a key issue influencing flight occasions between Chicago and Newark. Air visitors congestion patterns considerably affect each scheduled and precise flight durations. Vacationers searching for to optimize journey time ought to contemplate the implications of departure and arrival occasions, using real-time flight monitoring instruments and doubtlessly choosing flights outdoors peak hours to attenuate potential delays. Recognizing this connection permits for extra knowledgeable decision-making and contributes to a extra environment friendly journey expertise.

5. Climate Circumstances

Climate situations characterize a important issue influencing flight occasions between Chicago and Newark. Antagonistic climate at both departure or arrival airports, or alongside the flight path, can considerably affect flight durations. A number of meteorological phenomena contribute to those potential delays and disruptions.

Impression on Departure and Arrival Airports:

  • Visibility: Low visibility because of fog, heavy rain, or snow can impede plane operations, resulting in floor delays and doubtlessly flight cancellations. Takeoff and touchdown procedures require particular visibility thresholds for protected operation. If visibility falls beneath these thresholds, flights could also be delayed till situations enhance.
  • Wind: Robust crosswinds or tailwinds can affect takeoff and touchdown procedures, doubtlessly necessitating runway adjustments or adjusted strategy angles. These changes can introduce minor delays. Excessively robust winds may even prohibit protected plane operation, leading to floor holds or flight diversions.
  • Precipitation: Heavy snow or freezing rain can create hazardous runway situations, requiring de-icing procedures that add time to pre-flight preparations. These procedures are important for sustaining plane security however contribute to departure delays. Moreover, heavy precipitation can scale back visibility, additional compounding potential delays.

En Route Climate Methods:

  • Thunderstorms: Flights usually reroute to keep away from thunderstorms because of the related turbulence, lightning, and heavy precipitation. These deviations from probably the most direct flight path can enhance total flight time. Air visitors management may additionally implement circulate management measures to handle visitors circulate round storm programs, additional impacting flight schedules.
  • Jet Stream: The jet stream, a high-altitude air present, can considerably affect flight occasions. Flights touring with the jet stream can expertise diminished flight occasions, whereas flights touring in opposition to it encounter headwinds, rising journey length. Airways contemplate jet stream patterns when planning routes and scheduling flights.

Sensible Significance and Mitigation:

Understanding the affect of climate on flight occasions is essential for efficient journey planning. Actual-time climate monitoring instruments and aviation climate forecasts present priceless info for anticipating potential delays. Vacationers ought to contemplate constructing buffer time into their itineraries, notably in periods of recognized or forecast opposed climate. Checking flight standing updates instantly with the airline stays important for staying knowledgeable about potential disruptions. Whereas airways try to attenuate weather-related disruptions, passenger security stays the paramount concern, dictating operational selections.

6. Air Visitors Congestion

Air visitors congestion considerably impacts flight occasions between Chicago and Newark. Each cities host main airportsChicago O’Hare Worldwide Airport (ORD) and Newark Liberty Worldwide Airport (EWR)which ceaselessly expertise excessive visitors volumes. This congestion introduces variability into flight durations, affecting each scheduled and precise flight occasions.

  • Departure Delays

    Congestion at departure airports usually results in delays. Plane could expertise prolonged taxi occasions ready for out there runways or departure clearance. These delays instantly enhance the general flight time, pushing again arrival occasions. As an illustration, a flight scheduled to depart ORD throughout peak hours may expertise important taxi delays, including to the general journey.

  • Arrival Holds

    Congestion at arrival airports can pressure plane into holding patterns. Air visitors management could direct incoming flights to circle in designated airspace till touchdown slots develop into out there. Holding patterns add to the general flight length and contribute to unpredictable arrival occasions. EWR, a busy airport serving the New York metropolitan space, ceaselessly experiences arrival congestion, impacting flights from Chicago.

  • Floor Stops

    In conditions of utmost congestion, air visitors management could implement floor stops. Floor stops prohibit plane from departing their origin airports till congestion on the vacation spot airport subsides. Whereas designed to handle visitors circulate and stop overwhelming arrival airports, floor stops could cause important departure delays, extending total flight occasions significantly.

  • Rerouting

    Air visitors congestion can necessitate flight rerouting. To keep away from closely congested airspace, air visitors management could direct flights to take various routes. Whereas these various routes improve security and handle visitors circulate, they usually enhance the general distance traveled, contributing to longer flight occasions. Rerouting additionally introduces variability, making it troublesome to foretell exact flight durations.

Due to this fact, air visitors congestion is a dynamic issue impacting flight occasions between Chicago and Newark. Vacationers ought to anticipate potential delays stemming from congestion, particularly throughout peak journey durations. Using real-time flight monitoring instruments and checking flight standing updates can help in managing expectations and mitigating the affect of congestion-related delays. Recognizing the interaction between air visitors congestion and flight length contributes to extra knowledgeable journey planning and a extra reasonable understanding of potential journey time variations.

7. Plane Sort

Plane kind influences flight time between Chicago and Newark because of variations in cruising velocity and operational effectivity. Totally different plane fashions possess distinct efficiency traits. For instance, newer-generation plane, such because the Boeing 737 MAX or Airbus A321neo, typically cruise at greater speeds and provide improved gasoline effectivity in comparison with older fashions just like the Boeing 737-800 or Airbus A320. This interprets to doubtlessly shorter flight occasions, notably noticeable on longer routes. Moreover, regional jets, usually used for shorter flights, sometimes cruise at decrease speeds than bigger narrow-body or wide-body plane, doubtlessly rising journey time on the Chicago-Newark route. Consequently, the selection of plane, decided by the working airline, can introduce variability in flight length.

Airways strategically deploy totally different plane varieties based mostly on route demand, operational prices, and market positioning. A service prioritizing velocity and effectivity may make the most of newer, sooner plane on the Chicago-Newark route, interesting to enterprise vacationers delicate to time. Conversely, an airline specializing in cost-effectiveness may go for older plane or regional jets, accepting barely longer flight occasions to attenuate operational bills. This dynamic introduces a layer of complexity for vacationers searching for to optimize flight occasions. Consulting airline schedules and fleet info can present insights into the plane kind sometimes used on particular flights, enabling extra knowledgeable decision-making.

In abstract, plane kind represents a tangible issue contributing to variations in flight occasions between Chicago and Newark. Understanding the connection between plane efficiency traits and flight length empowers vacationers to anticipate potential time variations and make knowledgeable selections when deciding on flights based mostly on their particular person priorities. Whereas marginal variations in cruising velocity may not at all times be substantial, these variations can accumulate over longer distances, influencing total journey time. Recognizing this connection provides a layer of nuance to flight planning and reinforces the significance of contemplating plane kind alongside different components similar to airline schedules and potential climate disruptions.

8. Route Variations

Route variations contribute considerably to fluctuations in flight occasions between Chicago and Newark. Whereas the gap between the 2 cities stays fixed, the precise flight path taken can differ because of a mix of things, impacting total journey length. Understanding these variations offers priceless context for decoding scheduled flight occasions and anticipating potential deviations.

  • Air Visitors Management

    Air visitors controllers play a vital position in dictating flight paths. To handle visitors circulate and preserve protected separation between plane, controllers could direct flights to deviate from probably the most direct route. These deviations, whereas mandatory for security and effectivity, can enhance total flight distance and consequently, flight time. For instance, a flight encountering congestion close to a serious airport is likely to be instructed to take an extended, much less congested route, impacting the general journey length.

  • Climate Methods

    Climate programs considerably affect route choice. Flights usually reroute to bypass thunderstorms, areas of heavy precipitation, or robust winds. These deviations guarantee passenger security however can add to the entire distance flown, rising flight time. A flight encountering a line of thunderstorms alongside its supposed path is likely to be directed north or south to keep away from the storm system, including miles and time to the journey.

  • Jet Stream Impression

    The jet stream, a high-altitude air present, influences route planning. Airways strategically make the most of the jet stream to optimize flight occasions. Westbound flights usually fly at greater altitudes to benefit from tailwinds related to the jet stream, lowering journey time. Eastbound flights may modify altitudes to attenuate headwind affect. These altitude and route changes, pushed by jet stream dynamics, contribute to variations in flight durations.

  • Airline Operational Preferences

    Airways could make use of totally different route preferences based mostly on operational components similar to gasoline effectivity and value concerns. Whereas security and air visitors management directives stay paramount, airways can, inside sure parameters, choose routes that optimize gasoline consumption or decrease overflight charges. These operational selections can subtly affect flight occasions. As an illustration, an airline prioritizing gasoline effectivity may select a barely longer route at a better altitude to capitalize on favorable wind situations, doubtlessly offsetting the added distance with diminished gasoline burn.

Due to this fact, variations in flight paths characterize a key issue influencing flight time between Chicago and Newark. Whereas seemingly minor deviations from probably the most direct route may seem insignificant, these changes can accumulate, impacting total journey length. Recognizing the affect of air visitors management, climate programs, jet stream dynamics, and airline operational preferences on route choice offers a extra complete understanding of the variability in flight occasions between these two main cities. This consciousness allows vacationers to interpret scheduled flight occasions with a extra nuanced perspective and anticipate potential deviations from revealed schedules.

9. Seasonal Adjustments

Seasonal adjustments exert a notable affect on flight occasions between Chicago and Newark. Variations in climate patterns, air visitors quantity, and airline schedules all year long contribute to fluctuations in journey durations. Understanding these seasonal influences offers priceless context for vacationers planning journeys between these two main cities.

  • Winter Climate Disruptions

    Winter climate, characterised by snow, ice, and freezing temperatures, ceaselessly disrupts air journey. Chicago, particularly, experiences harsh winter situations, usually resulting in flight delays and cancellations. De-icing procedures, necessitated by snow and ice accumulation on plane, add time to pre-flight preparations, contributing to departure delays. Low visibility and robust winds additional compound potential disruptions. Newark, whereas much less susceptible to excessive winter climate than Chicago, can nonetheless expertise disruptions because of snowstorms or freezing rain. These weather-related delays can considerably lengthen flight occasions in the course of the winter months.

  • Summer season Thunderstorm Exercise

    Summer season months convey elevated thunderstorm exercise throughout a lot of america, together with the Chicago-Newark hall. Thunderstorms pose important challenges to air journey because of related turbulence, lightning, and heavy precipitation. Flights usually reroute to keep away from thunderstorms, rising total flight distance and length. Air visitors management may additionally implement circulate management measures to handle visitors circulate round storm programs, additional impacting flight schedules. These summer season climate patterns contribute to larger variability and potential delays in flight occasions.

  • Vacation Journey Demand

    Peak journey durations, similar to Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Yr’s, coincide with elevated air visitors quantity. Increased demand for flights throughout these vacation seasons can pressure airport capability and air visitors management assets, resulting in elevated taxi occasions, departure delays, and potential floor holds at arrival airports. This elevated congestion throughout vacation journey durations can considerably lengthen flight occasions in comparison with much less busy durations all year long.

  • Seasonal Airline Schedules

    Airways modify their schedules seasonally to accommodate fluctuating demand patterns. Throughout peak journey seasons, airways usually enhance flight frequency on fashionable routes like Chicago-Newark to fulfill greater passenger volumes. Conversely, throughout much less busy durations, airways may scale back flight frequency or make the most of smaller plane. These seasonal schedule changes can affect flight availability and doubtlessly introduce variations in flight occasions because of adjustments in plane kind or route choices. For instance, an airline may swap from a bigger plane to a regional jet in the course of the low season, doubtlessly impacting cruising velocity and total flight length.

Contemplating seasonal influences offers a complete perspective for planning journey between Chicago and Newark. Anticipating potential weather-related delays, elevated congestion throughout peak seasons, and changes to airline schedules empowers vacationers to make extra knowledgeable selections and handle expectations concerning flight occasions. Integrating this seasonal consciousness into journey planning contributes to a smoother and extra environment friendly journey.

Regularly Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning flight durations between Chicago and Newark, offering concise and informative responses.

Query 1: What’s the typical flight time for a direct flight between Chicago and Newark?

Direct flights sometimes vary between 2 hours and a pair of hours half-hour. Nonetheless, precise flight occasions can differ based mostly on components similar to climate situations and air visitors congestion.

Query 2: How do connecting flights affect total journey time?

Connecting flights introduce layovers, extending total journey time. The whole length depends upon the layover size and the airports concerned. Connecting flights can generally add a number of hours to the entire journey.

Query 3: Which airways provide direct flights between Chicago and Newark?

A number of main airways, together with United, American, and Spirit, provide direct flights on this route. Checking airline web sites offers particular schedule info.

Query 4: How does time of day have an effect on flight length?

Flights scheduled throughout peak hours, notably morning and night rush hours on weekdays, are extra inclined to delays because of elevated air visitors congestion. Off-peak flights could expertise shorter taxi occasions and fewer delays.

Query 5: What position does climate play in flight occasions?

Antagonistic climate, together with thunderstorms, snow, and fog, can considerably affect flight occasions. Delays can happen because of de-icing procedures, rerouting, or air visitors management restrictions. Actual-time climate monitoring is important for up to date info.

Query 6: How can vacationers decrease potential delays and optimize flight occasions?

Methods for minimizing potential delays embrace reserving direct flights when possible, avoiding peak journey occasions, checking historic airline on-time efficiency information, using real-time flight monitoring instruments, and permitting buffer time for potential disruptions.

Understanding these components facilitates knowledgeable decision-making and contributes to a smoother journey expertise. Correct estimation of journey time requires contemplating these variables to make sure reasonable expectations.

For additional info concerning particular flight schedules, real-time flight monitoring, and airline insurance policies, seek the advice of respective airline web sites and on-line journey assets.

Suggestions for Environment friendly Journey between Chicago and Newark

Environment friendly journey planning hinges on understanding key components influencing journey length. The following pointers provide sensible steerage for optimizing journey time between Chicago and Newark.

Tip 1: Make the most of Direct Flights When Possible: Direct flights decrease total journey time by eliminating layovers and related airport transit time. Whereas doubtlessly dearer, direct routes provide important time financial savings, notably priceless for time-sensitive vacationers.

Tip 2: Think about Off-Peak Journey Instances: Flights scheduled throughout off-peak hours, similar to mid-day, late night time, or early morning, usually expertise fewer delays associated to air visitors congestion. Flexibility in journey occasions permits for doubtlessly shorter journeys.

Tip 3: Analysis Airline On-Time Efficiency: Airways preserve various observe data concerning on-time efficiency. Consulting historic information and on-line opinions offers insights into an airline’s reliability, aiding in knowledgeable service choice.

Tip 4: Monitor Climate Forecasts and Flight Standing: Climate situations considerably affect flight operations. Checking climate forecasts and real-time flight standing updates permits vacationers to anticipate potential delays and modify plans accordingly.

Tip 5: Leverage Actual-Time Flight Monitoring Instruments: A number of on-line instruments and cellular functions present real-time flight monitoring info, providing insights into present flight standing, estimated arrival occasions, and potential delays. These assets empower vacationers with up-to-date info.

Tip 6: Enable Buffer Time for Potential Disruptions: Incorporating buffer time into journey itineraries accounts for unexpected delays associated to climate, air visitors congestion, or different operational points. Constructing flexibility into journey plans mitigates the affect of potential disruptions.

Tip 7: Consider Airline Route Maps and Plane Sorts: Understanding an airline’s route community and most popular plane varieties permits for knowledgeable selections concerning direct versus connecting flights and potential variations in flight length because of plane efficiency traits.

Implementing these methods enhances journey effectivity and reduces the affect of potential disruptions. Knowledgeable planning and proactive monitoring contribute considerably to a smoother and extra time-effective journey.

By contemplating these components and using these sensible suggestions, vacationers can optimize their journey expertise between Chicago and Newark, minimizing potential delays and maximizing environment friendly use of time.

Conclusion

Flight length between Chicago and Newark represents a multifaceted aspect influenced by a posh interaction of things. Evaluation reveals the numerous affect of direct versus connecting flight selections, airline operational practices, time of day, climate situations, air visitors congestion, plane kind, route variations, and seasonal adjustments. Understanding these components offers a complete framework for anticipating potential variations in journey time and making knowledgeable selections to optimize journey effectivity.

Efficient administration of journey time necessitates a proactive strategy incorporating real-time info, strategic planning, and a nuanced understanding of the dynamic components shaping flight durations. Continued exploration of those components and their evolving affect stays essential for optimizing air journey effectivity between Chicago and Newark. This consciousness empowers vacationers to navigate the complexities of contemporary air journey and make knowledgeable selections that prioritize environment friendly and well timed journeys.